Long-range infrasound source localization algorithms combining spherical pseudolinear estimator and propagation noise estimation

The spherical pseudolinear estimator offers a more stable and efficient solution to the long-range infrasound source localization. However, the propagation of infrasound over extended distances is vulnerable to atmospheric crosswinds, which cause deviations in the back-azimuth measurements. This phenomenon introduces inaccuracies in the localization results and performance evaluation of the spherical pseudolinear estimator. This research incorporates the effect of infrasound propagation into the noise model, reanalyzes the bias and error covariance performance of two spherical pseudolinear estimators, and provides theoretical expressions. Subsequently, a propagation noise estimation method is proposed that utilizes hybrid time-space dependent atmospheric modeling and ray tracing. Furthermore, long-range infrasound source localization algorithms are presented that integrate the spherical pseudolinear estimator with propagation noise estimation. The accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the performance advantages of the proposed algorithms are validated by simulations and an experiment.