Abstract: The conventional method of deep-sea acoustic source localization is usually to use the multi-path arrival information of the acoustic source signals received by hydrophone arrays to match with the simulation results to achieve localization. Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to extract the similar multi-path arrival angle directly by the conventional method, a deconvolution positioning method for deep-sea vertical array underwater target is proposed. By using this method, not only the adaptive iterative frequency-domain Richardson-Lucy algorithm is used to directly estimate the multipath angle of arrival of deep-sea acoustic targets, but also the ranging and depth fixing are realized by matching the sound field angle of arrival feature template. Simulation and experimental results show that this positioning method has higher localization accuracy and applicability than the conventional method, and has high computational efficiency.