共轴双旋翼悬停状态气动噪声特性分析
Analyses on aeroacoustic characteristics of coaxial rotors in hover
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摘要: 结合CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼气动噪声特性计算方法。为了准确模拟共轴旋翼流场的涡干扰现象和非定常特性,基于运动嵌套网格技术与双时间推进方法,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型。通过Farassat 1A公式计算双旋翼气动噪声特性,每个声源微面的位置和载荷信息直接从桨叶表面网格中获取。然后,对水平面内和竖直面内观测点处共轴双旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声和总噪声的声压时间历程和频谱特性做了细致对比。模拟结果表明:上旋翼和下旋翼反向旋转的特点对声压时间历程影响显著,不同方向观察点的声压波形峰值对应的相位不同;共轴旋翼流场中存在的文丘里效应、桨-涡干扰现象以及下洗流的作用使得桨叶气动载荷呈现明显的非定常特征,导致共轴双旋翼的载荷噪声辐射强度较大;在低频段,总噪声受厚度噪声主导,而在高频段则受载荷噪声主导。Abstract: A numerical method which combined CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) method and FW-H (Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings) equations is established to simulate the acoustic characteristics of the coaxial rigid rotor in hover. In order to simulate the vortex interaction and unsteady characteristics accurately, based on the moving-embedded grid technology and a dual-time method, the simulation method is developed by solving the compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The acoustic characteristics of the coaxial rotor can be predicted by formulation Farassat 1A, and the motion law and aerodynamic loads of sound sources can be obtained from blade surface girds directly. Then, the sound pressure time history and noise spectrum characteristics on the thickness, loading and total noise of the coaxial rotor have been analyzed in detail. The simulated results demonstrate that the feature that two axially aligned rotors rotate in opposite directions has significant effects on the sound pressure wave, and the phases of peak value in different observation direction show differences and some phenomenon such as Venturi effect, blade-vortex interaction, downwash effect make the blade loads show obvious unsteady characteristics, which cause the strong loading noise radiation The total noise is widely dominated by thickness noise in the low frequency band and by loading noise in the high frequency band.